Slot Machine Returns & Paybacks (aka RTP)

Last update: February 10, 2024

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Returns vs. Paybacks

There are two kinds of ways to measure how much a slot machine gives back to the player:  the amount it actually gave back over some period of time, or the amount it's programmed to give back in the long term.  For example, after a couple of hours you might get back 95% of the money you bet (first concept), even though the machine was set to pay out 94% in the long run (second concept).

Since these are two completely different things, we should use different words to refer to them, but confusingly, most people use the same term ("the return") to refer to both of them, so it's often not clear which they're talking about.  They might also use the term "RTP" which stands for "Return to Player", to refer to both concepts.  For clarity, some people refer to the programmed figure as the "theoretical return", but that's a horribly cumbersome phrase.

So on this site, I've defined my own terms, for clarity.  On Easy Vegas, the the return is what you actually got back, and the payback is what a slot is programmed to pay in the long term (what others might call the "theoretical return")

Note that the longer you play, the closer your return will get to the payback.  In the short term anything can happen, but the longer you play, the closer you'll get to the machine's predicted average.

Machines don't get looser & tighter to meet the payback %

A common misunderstanding is that if a slot pays a jackpot, or lots of small wins, it'll then tighten up so it will return the specified payback.  That is absolutely not how it works.  (And I know, because I've programmed them.)  The reels always land on a random combination, and it's the frequency of the symbols on the reels, married to the paytable, which determines the payback of the machine.  Every spin is completely random, and it's that randomness that results in the specified long-term payback. (more...)

How the payback is calculated

The payback on a machine comes from the odds of hitting each winning combination, times how much those combos pay.  We'll use an old three-reel slot to make the example easy.  Let's say there are 64 stops on each reel.  There are therefore 64³ = 262,144 total combinations.   If we played through every combination exactly once, on our hypothetical machine we'd win 249,038 coins.  So 249,038 ÷ 262,144 = 95%.  Ta-da.  Here's a more detailed analysis of how the payback on a machine is calculated.

How the paybacks are set

For decades, a casino would order a machine with a specific payback from the manufacturer.  The slot maker might offer the same slot in various flavors, like 91.2%, 93.5%, 95.4%, and 96.7%.  You could have two seemingly identical machines, side by side, that are set to different paybacks.  There's no way to tell the difference by just looking at them.

New regulations have seemed to open the door to slots that can be configured more easily by the casino, so that casinos don't have to specify the payback percentage when they order the machine.  The paybacks can be set remotely over the network, without the older, cumbersome method of physically replacing an EPROM chip (and filling out a bunch of paperwork).  Even so, there's no reason to believe that casinos constantly tinker with the odds, tightening them up during busy times.  See Slot Machine Myths for more.

Paybacks are secret at U.S. land casinos

Land casinos in the U.S. almost never tell you the payback of any machine.  Which is ridiculous.  We know the odds for games like blackjack, craps, and roulette, because we know the "programming" behind those games and they can be analyzed.  The fact that the odds are against the players doesn't stop them from playing.  But for slot machines, you'll be flying blind, because that's the way the casinos like it, and no regulatory body in the U.S. has bothered to require transparency.

Slots-A-Fun casino, seemingly in the 1970s.  From Twitter, original source unknown

I know of only two casinos in Vegas which tell you the payback of any of their machines.  The first is a bank of $1 and $5 slots at Circus Circus, which pay 97.4%. (Incidentally, those are also the only slots on the Strip which accept and pay in coins.)  Slots-A-Fun used to have 97.4% slots, those are probably the ones now in Circus Circus, near the walkway to Slots-A-Fun.  The second is El Cortez, which reportedly has some slots made by U1 such as Northern Lights, which disclose the payback on the screen, which is 97.3% on at least one of the slots according to a YouTube video. (source) 

The Strat and Riviera used to have a bank of $1 slots labeled 98%, but no more.  Harrah's has (or had) slots labeled "up to 98%", which is so vague as to be meaningless; that means that one of the machines pays 98%, they're not telling you which one, and the others are all crap.  If you know of a land casino which advertises specific paybacks without the "up to" qualifier, please let me know and send me a picture!

Online, it's much different.  Some online casinos, like VideoSlots, publish both the return and the payback for their machines.  (Unfortunately, VideoSlots doesn't take U.S. players, and Bovada, which does take U.S. players, doesn't publish paybacks or returns.)  VideoSlots was probably the first to publish returns, and now other online casinos are forced to follow suit in order to compete.  After all, why would you want to play somewhere completely in the dark when VideoSlots is happy to clue you in?  As more and more casinos are disclosing their slot paybacks, players are coming to expect it, and the websites that rank and rate online casinos are starting to include payback-disclosure in their rating criteria.

In the U.K., casinos are required by law to publish the paybacks on their machines.  Who wants to send me a picture of the label?

Las Vegas slot returns

Vegas casinos are required to report their returns to the state Gaming Commission.  The state doesn't report each casino separately (rats!), they report by area of town.  Also, be aware that they lump all video gaming (including video poker, video keno, etc.) together for the "slot" returns.

Some takeaways from the Vegas figures:

1. Denomination depends on location.  On the Strip, the best returns are with the dollar machines (but that makes you bet more than you would on a 1¢, 5¢, or 25¢ machine, you'll lose more money, despite the higher return).  Everywhere else, 5¢, 25¢, and $1 machines are pretty much the same.
2. The strip has the worst returns.  Downtown is a little better, but not by much.  The Boulder Strip and North Las Vegas casinos have the best paybacks.
3. The bigger separation between the Wizard's slots-only survey and reported returns for the Strip vs. Downtown is probably because the strip has a higher mix of slots and downtown has a higher mix of video poker (which tends to pay better than slots).

Slot returns across the U.S.

In most jurisdictions, casinos are required by law to report their slot returns to the government, so that information is public.  Below are the slot returns across the U.S., for 2017 and/or 2018, with some caveats:

1. Most jurisdictions lump in video poker, video blackjack, etc. in with the "slots" figures.  For areas that offer video poker (not all do), I'd subtract a percentage point from the figures to more closely approximate the return for just slots.
2. My figures are the average for all denominations, but lower-denomination games tend to pay worse and higher-denomination tend to pay better.  So expect to get worse odds than what's listed below when playing pennies or nickels, even after you've subtracted a point for VP being lumped in.

Some areas report the returns for each individual casino separately.  (Nevada isn't one of them.)  For those areas, you can see the individual casino returns at American Casino Guide.  However, even when returns are broken out for individual casinos, it's cold comfort, because they all suck.

Most states also prescribe minimum paybacks for the machines.  I also included those in the table so you can see that they're all but irrelevant; most casinos blow way past the mandated minimum.

As I write this, this is the only such table-ized data available anywhere on the whole Internet.  You sure came to the right place, didn't you?

TV, movie, and celebrity-themed slots pay worse

A former slot director notes, "TV, movie, and celebrity themed games...cost the casino more in revenue sharing (they also cant be purchased), so the hold is always higher."(source)  A VP at a slot maker suggests that these slots pay about 2% points less than non-themed slots. (LV Sun) 

Online slot returns

Online casinos offer much better slot returns than land casinos, because they have much lower overhead.  (No physical machines, no luxury resort to make mortgage payments on, fewer employees, etc.)  Slot returns in land casinos are around 91% (see above) but online it's about 96% (which is my estimate for my advertiser, Bovada Online Casino). 

This is a big deal:  At 91% RTP you're losing 9% of your money, and at 96% RTP you're losing 4% of your money.  So, by switching from land casinos to online, your money will last twice as long (with the catch being that you could lose more online if the easy access to online gambling causes you to play more).

While it's nearly impossible to find the RTP for specific machines in land casinos, there are a number of online slot publishers and casinos which publish that data.  I tabulated the data from one online publisher (NetEnt) and here are the results:

• 89% of slots are in the range 96-96.99%.
• 96.33% Median
• 96.37% Average
• 99% High (Mega Joker)
• 92.96 Low (Super Lucky Frog)
  Data collected 2/14/23

I estimate the slot RTP for my advertiser, Bovada, to be around 96%.  I've been able to see reports for millions of dollars of casino play at Bovada for 2022, with an RTP of 97.27%, but this includes table games which can have a higher RTP (like blackjack, which is around 99.5% with proper play).  So an RTP of 96% for slots seems reasonable.

Cruise ship slot returns

A Wizard of Vegas member who says that he used to run casinos on cruise ships, says the paybacks were set to 84%. (WoV) 

How much of the payback comes from the jackpot

Most of the payback on a typical slot comes from the small pays, not from the jackpot.  In fact, the jackpot usually comprises less than 1% of the total payback.  The main exception are the huge progressive slots like Megabucks, where the jackpot is a huge part of the total return.  Here's what portion of the total payback is comprised of the jackpot for various machines.  And by the way, as I write this, this is the most complete list of such data anywhere on the Internet.

How the payback affects your bottom line

With the payback, we've been talking in terms of how much you get back.  The flip side is how much the casino keeps as its profit.  If the payback is 95%, then the house edge is 5%.  Here's why that's important:  One machine might have a payback of 94% and another 97%.  Those might look pretty similar, and 94% might seem fairly decent.  But flip it, and the house edge (how much you lose) is 6% and 3% respectively.  So, on the 94% machine, you'll lose twice as much money as you would on the 97% machine!

Here's my average loss calculator, which shows slot losses compared to losses at other games.

You can calculate your average hourly loss yourself pretty easily:

Bet per spin x spins per hour x house edge = average hourly loss

For example, let's say you're betting $1.50 per spin, playing at a rate of 600 spins per hour, on a 93% machine (7% house edge).  Your average hourly loss will be $1.50 x 600 x 7% = $63/hour.

That's a long-term average.  In the short term, your loss will likely be a little higher, because you'll probably have to play for a long time before you hit the jackpot.  For more on this, see my separate article on average loss.

Understand that your average loss is based on how much money you play, not how much money you take with you.  For example, you might think, "Okay, I'm bringing $500, and the slots take an average of 8%, so I should lose about $40."  Not even.  You'll go through that $500 about half an hour if you play $1.50 per spin, and lose an average of $40 on that.  But then when you play the $460 or so that you got out of the machine, you'll expect to lose 8% of that, etc.  Losing a bit every time you replay your bankroll is called the grind.  The casino grinds you down.  It doesn't matter whether your return is 90% or 99%, if you play long enough at any game you'll eventually lose all your money.

Figuring out the payback from the slot points

Steve Bourie came up with a clever way to figure a machine's payback based on how many slot points are earned for a certain amount of play.  This works only at casinos which award points based on the exact payback of a machine; casinos usually give points based on how much money is run through the machine, regardless of what its payback is.

Play slots online

I suggest you play something other than slots because slot odds are so bad.  You could also play online with fake money, because then it doesn't matter if you lose.  A good casino for free-play is Bovada, since it requires no download and no registration.  (If you see a registration box, you can close it and continue without registering.)  You can play with real money too, though I hope you won't (or at least won't bet more than you can comfortably afford to lose). (advertisement)

All my slot machine articles

• Slot machine basics.  How much it costs to play, how much you can win, expected loss, why they're a bad bet, why they're popular, how you can limit your losses, speed of play
• How to play slot machines
• Slot returns.  How much they pay back.
• The Randomness Principle.  Slots don't continually get looser and tighter as they're played.  They don't have to.
• How they work. Explains the randomness principle, and runs through the math to show how a game returns a particular payback percentage.  There's a companion page on Par sheets.
• Slot Machine Myths
• Slot Machine B.S.  Wrong info that's published elsewhere.
• Strategies. Tips for increasing your chances of winning, and saving money.
• Slot Jackpots.  Odds of hitting the jackpot, progressive jackpots, and other jackpot topics.
• Biggest Jackpots.  The largest slot and table game jackpot wins in Vegas.
• Skill-Based Slots.  The scoop on the new games in which your results aren't entirely determined by chance.
• Slot Machine malfunctions. How and why slot machines screw up, causing players to think they've won the jackpot when they really haven't.
• Slot Machine Simulator.  I programmed an exact replica of the Blazing 7s slot (odds-wise).  Click it to play thousands of spins in one second and see how you do.
• Slot name Generator.  Randomly creates a slot machine name using common slot words.  Hilarious!